Barley flowering time is controlled by numerous major and minor genetic loci. To date, the genes encoding the major photoperiod response loci PPD-H1 and PPD-H2 have been identified (PMID 16284181, 17339225).
This trait is scored during national varietal registration trials, as described by UPOV guidelines: “Time of ear emergence: (first spikelet visible o 50% of ears)” (UPOV character 7. Scores: 1 = very early, 3 = early, 5 = medium, 7 – late, 9 = very late).